[Victoria Angulo]

I feel the chosen image depicts the topic of white spaces and trespassing. In the reading “The White Space”, Elijah Anderson defined the white space as an overwhelming presence of white folks and how people of color, especially black and indigenous folks, are seen as trespassing and unwelcomed within this space, however people of color can also reinforce the idea of a white space. This image shows black folks protesting outside the a space that claims to be for “Members Only”, however those who are considered members and excluding black folks from the space are white. The black folks are excluded from the space as if they are trespassing. This image is an example of how white spaces reinforce the idea of white supremacy, for those who are excluded are viewed as less than.

Article Title: “The Time Danny Lyon Nearly Killed John Lewis”

Date of Image: 1962

Image by: Danny Lyon

Website of Source: https://www.phaidon.com/agenda/photography/articles/2016/august/11/the-time-danny-lyon-nearly-killed-john-lewis/

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[Victoria Angulo]

In “What Standing Rock Teaches Us About Environmental Justice”, Jaskiran Dhillon discussed how the Sioux people would call themselves “protectors” rather than “protestors”. The Sioux are protecting their water from being contaminated from the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline, for the land is under their control and not of the United States governments. This image conveys how the Sioux saw themselves in their case, for they are defending and protecting their water. The land the pipeline is said to be constructed is not under United States control, and the Water Protectors are merely defending land that is theirs. The resistance camps were a form of protesting, for protesting is a form of protecting what is theirs.

Source: https://www.fractracker.org/2016/12/dakota-access-future/

Article: “The Dakota Access Pipeline: An Uncertain Future”

Author: Kyle Ferrar

Date of Article: December 10, 2016

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[Victoria Angulo]

This image depicts how certain communities are more effected by natural disasters, because of poor infrastructure and lack of resources. In this photograph, a man is standing in a pile of what used to be his neighborhood after Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico in 2017. Due to the United States not providing the resources and systems that continue to oppress individuals within low income communities in Puerto Rico, this hurricane took the homes of many individuals such as this man. This man represents the communities that were most affected by natural disasters, and the Unites States lacking in their response to help individuals like this man to rebuild their homes conveys the unwillingness to take responsibility for a territory that they claim. If the United States had better supported Puerto Rico instead of stripping away its resources, may the hurricane would not have affected them as much.

Photographer: Andres Kudacki TME

Name of Article: “How the U.S. Turned its Back on Puerto Rico”

Author by Article: Karl Vick

Date of Article: September 28, 2017

Source: http://time.com/4960647/us-turned-its-back-on-puerto-rico/

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[Victoria Angulo]

Although it has been 60 years since the times of Jim Crow, this image of a tear between the white child and the black child unveils how present segregation is in today’s society. School are said to be just as or if not even more segregated. Those who live near charter schools are predominantly white, while those who live by public schools in poor neighbors are predominantly Black and Latinx students. The outcome and effects of this segregation within neighborhoods and schools can be seen in society as a whole, for if one were to look at the student populations of universities, the student population is predominantly white with a low percentage of Black and Latinx students. It can be argued that the public school system does not prepare students as well as students who are prepared in charter and private schools to aim for higher education. The effects of segregation within schools lead to students of color trapped in the cycle of poverty.

Article Title: “Fifty Years Later, Segregation Battles in the Courts”

Author of Article: Sharon McCloskey

Article Dates: 7/18/2013

Fifty years later, segregation battles still in the courts

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[Victoria Angulo]

I chose this photograph to highlight the hypocrisy of the United States fighting against tyranny in Europe and how some African Americans chose to go to war rather than to live their lives in segregation and continuous discrimination. In this week’s article “The Case for Reparations”, Ta Nehisi Coates gave the story of an African American man named Clyde Ross, and one of his experiences was enlisting to fight Nazi Germany only to realize that tyranny had followed him home. This testimony unveils how the United States may have been fighting across the Atlantic for freedom, however back on American soil, Jim Crow was still alive and “freedom” was not given for Non-White American, especially those within the African American community. Although the solders in the photograph may have been patriotic, their friends, families, and loved ones were suffering from another war back at home. They continued to face segregation that the American government imposed on them, a government that claimed to be all about freedom.

Photo taken from: Hulton/ Archive

Year taken” 1943

Name of Article: “Why African Americans are Opting Out of Military Service?”

Author of Article: Thought Merchant

Date of Article: October 7, 2007

Source Website: https://thoughtmerchant.wordpress.com/2007/10/07/why-are-african-americans-opting-out-of-military-service/

• This reply was modified 6 years ago by Victoria Angulo.

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[Victoria Angulo]

Although Brown v Board of Education called for the integration of schools during the 1950s, this image shows the effects of resegregation even after this case. This graph records the decline of Black students attending predominantly white schools within the South as time passes, which ultimately proves how schools within the South are segregating once more as they were during the times of Jim Crow. In “American Apartheid”, Massey and Denton mentioned how as Black folks entered predominantly white neighborhoods, their white counter parts realized harassment and violence was not the best tactic to scare away Black folks. Less evident tactics were used to keep Black folks in the ghettos, which ultimately lead to the neighborhoods to be once again segregated. Although Massey and Denton focused on cities within the North during the time of the Great Migration, the following image shows how segregation within education and other places still exist.

Photographer: Data From the National Center of Education Statistics, via UCLA’s Civil Rights Project

Date of photograph: Unknown

Article Title: The Data Proves That School Segregation is Getting Worse

Author of Article: Alvin Chang

Date of Article: March 5th, 2018

Source: https://www.vox.com/2018/3/5/17080218/school-segregation-getting-worse-data

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[Victoria Angulo]

European settlers came to America in hopes of escaping the corruption of their home country, however instead of sharing the land they “discovered” with the Native Americans, their mentality was to occupy the land through “conquest, genocide, and Indian removal to produce the scared ground” (Lipsitz 14). I interpreted this cartoon as even though the Europeans created laws for the land and it may be legal, policies such as the Indian Removal Act may not have been morally right for it had racism rooted within them. These laws targeted a specific group of people, because the settlers believed they had the right to occupy the land. Due to this sense of entitlement, many Native Americans were forced out of their homes and had to follow laws that they never had a voice in making.

Source: http://bookbuilder.cast.org/view_print.php?book=40682

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